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Adenine

is a purine nucleobase used in forming nucleotides of DNA or RNA. Adenine base-pairs to thymine or uracil via two hydrogen bonds.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

is also known as Lou Gehrig’s Disease and results in the degeneration of neuromuscular synapses

Angiogenesis

is the physiological process involving the growth of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels.

Angioplasty

is the technique of mechanically widening a narrowed or obstructed blood vessel; typically as a result of atherosclerosis. Tightly folded balloons are passed into the narrowed locations and then inflated to a fixed size.

Aorta

is the largest artery in the body, originating from the left ventricle of the heart and bringing oxygenated blood to all parts of the body.

Apoptosis

is programmed cell death or a series of biochemical processes most cells undergo which ultimately leads to cell death.

Atherosclerosis

is commonly referred to as a “hardening” of the arteries. It is caused by the formation of multiple plaques within the arteries.

ATPases

are a class of enzymes that catalyze the decomposition of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and a free phosphate ion. This dephosphorylation reaction releases energy, which the enzyme (in most cases) harnesses to drive other chemical reactions that would not otherwise occur. This process is widely used in all known forms of life.

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

is a protein hormone secreted by heart muscle cells. It is released by muscle cells in the upper chambers of the heart in response to high blood pressure.

Atrium

is either of two chambers of the heart that receives blood from the veins and forces it into the ventricle or ventricles

B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)

is a polypeptide secreted by the ventricles of the heart in response to excessive stretching of heart muscle cells.

Cardiac conductance

is the ordered stimulation of cardiac muscle cells that allows efficient contraction of the heart, thereby allowing blood to be pumped throughout the body.

Cardiac remodeling

Changes in size, shape, and function of the heart after injury in response to stress or after injury.

Cardiomyocyte / Cardiac Myocyte

is an involuntary striated muscle found in the walls of the heart. Cardiac muscle is one of three major types of muscle, the others being skeletal and smooth muscle.

Cardiovascular disease

is the number one cause of death and disability globally. CVD is an umbrella term for a variety for different diseases affecting the heart and blood vessels, including:

• Coronary heart disease – disease of the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle
• Cerebrovascular disease – disease of the blood vessels supplying the brain.
• Arterial disease -disease of blood vessels supplying the arms and legs.
• Rheumatic heart disease – damage to the heart muscle and heart valves from rheumatic fever, caused by streptococcal bacteria.
• Congenital heart disease – malformations of heart structure existing at birth.
• Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism – blood clots in the leg veins, which can dislodge and move to the heart and lungs.
• Heart attacks and strokes are usually acute events and are mainly caused by a blockage that prevents blood from flowing to the heart or brain. The most common reason for this is a build-up of fatty deposits on the inner walls of the blood vessels that supply the heart or brain. Strokes can also be caused by bleeding from a blood vessel in the brain or from blood clots.

Cell surface receptors

are proteins on the surface of cells which are involved in many biological processes such as small molecule trafficking, cell to cell communication and protein binding.

Cellular analysis

Utilizing relevant cell types in culture to quickly screen for efficacy of molecules. For example, testing multiple chemical modification patterns to determine optimal potency for a miRNA modulator. Also can be used for cell based assays to determine mechanism of action of miRNAs

Collagen

is the main protein of connective tissue in animals and the most abundant protein in mammals making up about 25% to 35% of all the proteins in the body. Collagen has great tensile strength, and is the main component of cartilage, ligaments, tendons, bone and skin.

Conjugation

is the addition of chemical groups to an oligonucleotide or nanoparticle with the aim of improving drug performance. These groups could be used for targeting, stability, tracking or delivery purposes.

Contractility

is the term used in physiology to describe the performance of cardiac muscle. It is the intrinsic ability of a cardiac muscle fiber to contract at a given fiber length.

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